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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for maritime crimes
12 results foundAuthor: Title: Implementing Peace and Security Architecture (II): Southern Africa Summary: The last part of Africa to be decolonised, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, remains one of the most peaceful. Yet, despite comprehensive protocols and agreements, SADC faces acute challenges characterised by tensions between member states, resource deficits, citizens’ exclusion, social discontent and limited internal and external coordination. Regional security cooperation requires adept infrastructures underwritten by political commitment; but the organisation’s Secretariat appears powerless to ensure policy implementation. It must develop an effective common security policy framework, improve coordination with international partners, harmonise and clarify its role with other SADC structures, broaden engagement with civil society, ensure member-state commitment to African Union (AU) efforts on human and people’s rights and build capacity for evaluation and monitoring. As long as national sovereignty prevails over regional interests, however, the success of SADC mechanisms, notably in conflict resolution, will remain limited. The region faces a range of evolving peace and security threats, including maritime security and piracy, cyber and technology-driven security threats, and socio-economic unrest. Beyond efforts to respond to these challenges, policy implementation capacity and information and response mechanisms are urgently required. SADC’s intervention in Madagascar and Zimbabwe has exposed the region’s limited capacity to enforce agreements it has brokered. Ad hoc and under-resourced mediation imposes additional burdens and responsibilities on the mediators. Civil society engagement in SADC processes in the two countries has been at best tangential, confirming the gulf between the regional body and its citizens. The Madagascar and Zimbabwe cases also highlight that structural governance deficits and politicised security sectors exacerbate conflict. SADC’s mediation efforts reveal the complexities and challenges of dealing with unconstitutional changes in government, contested elections and violations of the region’s electoral code. Details: Johannesburg; Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2012. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Africa Report No. 191: Accessed November 2, 2012 at: Year: 2012 Country: South Africa URL: Shelf Number: 126854 Keywords: CybercrimesMaritime CrimesMaritime SecurityPiracy (South Africa)Socio-Economic Conditions |
Author: Hurlburt, Kaija Title: The Human Cost of Somali Piracy 2011 Summary: The latest version of the joint study by Oceans Beyond Piracy and the International Maritime Bureau was launched at the International Maritime Organization’s headquarters in London on June 22, 2012 and details the plight of seafarers at the hands of Somali pirates. The report is a combination of information provided by the signatory states to the Declaration Condemning Acts of Violence Against Seafarers, the Maritime Piracy Humanitarian Response Programme (MPHRP), and data compiled by OBP. • 3,863 seafarers were fired upon by Somali pirates with assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades • 968 seafarers came into close contact with pirates, who managed to board their vessels • 413 seafarers were rescued from citadels • 1,206 hostages were held captive by Somali pirates • 555 seafarers were taken hostage in 2011; 645 hostages were captured in 2010 and remained captive during 2011; 6 tourists and aid workers were kidnapped on land • 35 hostages died as a result of pirate captivity in 2011 • Average length of captivity was 8 months. Details: London: International Maritime Bureau; Broomfield, CO: Oceans Beyond Piracy, 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed February 26, 2013 at: http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/sites/default/files/hcop_2011.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Somalia URL: http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/sites/default/files/hcop_2011.pdf Shelf Number: 127720 Keywords: Maritime CrimesMaritime SecurityPirates/Piracy |
Author: World Bank, Regional Vice-Presidency for Africa Title: Pirates of Somalia: Ending the Threat, Rebuilding a Nation Summary: The global fight against piracy in Somalia has centered on prosecuting pirates and mobilizing naval forces. But to get to the root cause of the problem, the international community must focus on helping the nation build a functional political system. Three elements – political capital, manpower and financial resources – form the foundation of the hijack-for-ransom phenomenon in Somalia, where a history of inter- and intra-clan competition and European colonization has left many areas without functioning institutions, according to the study. That has allowed pirates to recruit local youth, buy guns and speedboats, and most importantly, secure coastal areas where they can anchor hijacked vessels for months or years. Pirates in the East African nation favor places such as Puntland and Central Somalia, which provide enough political stability to do business in, but not enough state control to challenge piracy operations. They then use bribes and physical threats to tilt the balance of power between politicians and gain long-term access to the coasts. The cost of that political operation takes up as much as 86% of the piracy proceeds, according to the study. A large sum – sometimes $300,000 per vessel – goes to government officials, businessmen, clans, militia and religious leaders as bribes and “development fees” to make sure the politicians won’t interfere in the piracy business. Crewmembers, often hired from a particular clan or location, command significantly higher salaries than local wages. Pirates also pay more than locals do for meal services, energy, and water. Given the local custom of resource sharing, piracy proceeds trickle down to local residents and other stakeholders, creating a favorable political environment in which the pirates can operate. Their success has global consequences. Between 2005 and 2012, more than 3,740 crewmembers from 125 countries fell prey to Somali pirates, and as many as 97 died. On the Somali side, the number of pirates lost at sea is believed to be in the hundreds. The ransom extracted during that period rose to as much as $385 million. Piracy also hurts trade, as shippers are forced to alter trading routes and pay more for fuel and insurance premiums, costing the world economy $18 billion a year, the study estimates. Since 2006, tourism and fish catches, as well as other outputs from coastal commerce, have declined in neighboring countries in East Africa. Somalia’s economy is not spared either: piracy-related trade costs are at $6 million a year, without taking into account the fact that potential sea-based economic activities are constrained by piracy. The collaboration between pirates and Islamist insurgent groups also has raised concerns about Somalia’s political stability. The international community has mostly focused on offshore measures to fight piracy, such as increasing naval pressure and onboard security, which have helped reduce the number of hijacks. But ending piracy would call for those costly measures to be expanded and made permanent, which wouldn’t be sustainable in the long run. Efforts that target onshore prevention, such as paying youth more to discourage them from joining the pirates, would only prompt owners to pay crew members more. Given the poverty rates among the population from which the pirates are typically recruited, owners can afford to pay pirates more without significantly hurting profit. To end piracy off the Horn of Africa, the study urges a paradigm shift away from perpetrators and toward the enablers of piracy. With a limited number of suitable coastal areas available to anchor hijacked ships, piracy would be less profitable if Somalia removes access to safe anchorage points or significantly raises the price for coastal access. In addition, the central government can offer incentives – along with built-in monitoring mechanisms – to encourage local stakeholders to stop pirate activity and learn from the success and failure of Afghanistan’s policies targeting opium poppy production and Colombia’s against coca production. At the heart of this policy agenda lies the need to better understand the political economy of resource sharing, so that winners and losers are properly identified and compensated. The lessons from the study go beyond piracy eradication and speak to the fundamental issue of state building in Somalia. Details: Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2013. 216p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed May 2, 2013 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/pirates-of-somalia-main-report-web.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Somalia URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/pirates-of-somalia-main-report-web.pdf Shelf Number: 128601 Keywords: HijackingsMaritime CrimesPiracyPirates (Somalia) |
Author: Surtees, Rebecca Title: Trafficked at Sea. The exploitation of Ukrainian seafarers and fishers Summary: The blight of slavery continues to afflict our world today, on a far greater scale and in far more insidious forms than many of us realise. This paper addresses a manifestation of human trafficking that has yet to receive the attention it deserves from policymakers, practitioners or prosecutors around the world: seafarers and fishermen trapped for their labour at sea. The men interviewed for this report, young and old, experienced and novice, were led through a calculated maze into a world of imprisonment at sea, backbreaking labour, sleep deprivation, crippling and untreated illness, and, for the least fortunate, death. These men, seeking honest work at sea, ended up on slave ships without means of escape or reasonable prospects for rescue. Their unsettling stories are echoed by the experience of men in a number of countries around the world. Countries must find new ways to end the impunity of these floating safe havens for traffickers. This report also shines a bright light on the role played by unscrupulous labour recruiters, who repeatedly spin their deceptions to lure these men into the trap that waits for them at sea. In such cases, the recruiters are an integral part of a trafficking scheme under international instruments such as the UN Protocol to Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons and the governments of the countries in which they operate – in most cases in the home countries where the men are citizens and live – need to investigate and prosecute these recruiters, and the agencies they work for, as traffickers. Trafficking for forced labour has historically received less recognition than the more sensational sex trafficking cases. But as the groundbreaking research that forms the basis for this paper reveals, labour trafficking at sea is every bit as inhumane, and in dire need of a solution, as any form of slavery practiced today. This paper attempts to lay the groundwork for that solution by providing insight into the nature of this form of trafficking, analysis of its causes and patterns and recommendations for how to move forward. This report represents some of the very first in-depth research on the issue of seafarers and fishers as victims of trafficking. The importance of increasing popular awareness of this phenomenon and of encouraging governments, organisations, and individuals to take action on it, cannot be overemphasised. It was in that light that the NEXUS Institute, with support from IOM, was inspired to dig deeper into this understudied yet critical issue. The challenges confronting the international community in addressing trafficking at sea are not few and they do not lend themselves to easy solutions. The very nature of trafficking at sea—the mobility of the vessels used, its camouflage within the traditional seafaring industry and the illegal fishing market that funds it, among other characteristics —make it one of the most challenging forms of human trafficking to seek out and eradicate. But that eradication remains, as ever, our goal. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Organization for Migration; Washington, DC: NEXUS Institute, 2012. 140p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2013 at: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/Trafficked%20at%20sea%20web.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/Trafficked%20at%20sea%20web.pdf Shelf Number: 128602 Keywords: FishermenForced LaborHuman TraffickingMaritime CrimesShipping Industry |
Author: Sloan, M. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project: Operational Responses for the Discouragement and Suppression of Marine Piracy Summary: The overall goal of the Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project (DMPP) is set out in the capping paper to this Inter-Sectoral Working Group Draft of the operational responses module report. Scope -- Under the operational responses thematic area of the DMPP, the following sub-themes have been examined a. The discouragement of piracy: disincentive strategies designed to discourage or frustrate piracy activities. b. The suppression of piracy: Operational responses, naval patrols, integrated enforcement initiatives, surveillance and intelligence. 3. This report considers operational responses employed to counter recent and current outbreaks of piracy, and draws initial deductions from that analysis. It then applies those deductions to identifying the operational response issues that need to be addressed in order to deal effectively with future piracy outbreaks. Although written as a stand-alone report, it complements, and is complemented by, reports from the other DMPP modules. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 154p. Source: Internet Resource: (Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #3): Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%233-2012-12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%233-2012-12.pdf Shelf Number: 128760 Keywords: HostagesMaritime CrimesPirates/Piracy |
Author: MacPhee, J. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project: Beating the Banks: Hawala’s Place in the Global Financial Environment and its Potential Links to Piracy Summary: Hawala is an informal system that allows its users to transfer money quickly, reliably, and inexpensively. It is prevalent in countries where infrastructure is lacking and political corruption is widespread. As such, it is able to fill a major gap in citizens’ access to financial services. In Somalia, for example, hawala is the only reliable way of moving money into the country. Hence, it is used by members of the Somali diaspora to send remittances to their families, as well as by United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations to get aid money to those in need. Its contribution to these societies is vital. However, all of this takes place under the radar of formal financial institutions and regulatory bodies. This makes it an attractive channel for criminal groups that wish to fund or launder proceeds of illegal activities. Money can be transferred anonymously, and transaction records are scant or nonexistent. It is important to note, however, that illicit users make up only a small percentage of total clients, overall. For example, even using the highest estimate, Somali piracy proceeds could have made up only 6% of total money transferred out of the country through hawala in 2010. Viable alternatives are needed to draw users away from hawala and new developments in mobile money transfer technology could represent a promising first step. This SMS-based service allows individuals to deposit money into an account that they can access through their cell phones, using it for personal transfers or purchases. This innovation addresses many of the gaps in formal banking services that keep hawala in demand; mobile transfers are cheap, instant, and accessible to all segments of society. Through the use of new technology and strategic partnerships, legitimate users of hawala may begin to move away from informal transfer channels, leaving the system a weaker tool for the criminals left behind. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #8: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%238-2012-12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%238-2012-12.pdf Shelf Number: 128761 Keywords: Financial CrimesMaritime CrimesPiracy/Pirates |
Author: Hodgson, J.R.F. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project The Role of the International Maritime Organization In Combating Piracy Summary: The objective of this paper is to explore the role of IMO as the leading multilateral agency tasked with addressing the issue of piracy, and to assess the effectiveness of that role in the light of the serious issues and challenges presented by the current scale of piracy off the East Coast of Africa, and elsewhere in the world. More particularly its goal is to examine the degree to which the mandate and authority assigned to the Organization for dealing with security issues such as piracy is adequate and appropriate. Also for consideration is whether the treaty and governance parameters within which it is constrained to operate enable the Organization to meet its responsibilities. A particular focus is the effectiveness of the decision-making challenges associated with IMO’s policy development process, involving as it does a multilateral body that must not only work with national administrations, interest groups and industry, but must also interface with numerous other multilateral bodies. This paper is proposed as a first step in a two (or more) step process. The intent is that it provides a basis for discussion with those members of the staff of IMO who are engaged in policy development, and program design and implementation, and with leading maritime industry associations and NGOs, with a view to confirming, modifying and/or amplifying observations made in the paper. It is therefore structured to generate ‘Discussion Points’, which can then form the basis for such discussions. These Discussion Points are therefore included in the text of the paper and assembled at the end. It should be stressed that the focus of this short paper is upon the effectiveness of IMO and its governance processes in addressing the issue of piracy. To undertake this assessment it is necessary to provide brief outlines of the nature and extent of the piracy related work in which IMO is engaged. It is, however, beyond the scope of the paper to provide a comprehensive description and analysis of this work, and the reader must look elsewhere for such material. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #7: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%237-2012-12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%237-2012-12.pdf Shelf Number: 128762 Keywords: Maritime CrimesMaritime SecurityPiracy/Pirates |
Author: Whitman, S. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project: Exploring an Integrated Approach to the Suppression and Prevention of Marine Piracy Summary: Piracy, one of the oldest crimes in history, has had its peaks and lows of activity throughout various regions around the world. Even though each outbreak has its own set of actors, motives, tactics and targets, anti-piracy responses have understandably focused on addressing the problem as it arises on the sea. This focus on where the problem manifests itself as opposed to the source of the problem has failed to sufficiently address the root causes of piracy. On the premise that the source of piracy is deeply embedded in the social, political and economic structures of society, the Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project (DMPP) goal was to undertake an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to assessing and addressing the problem of contemporary piracy and its impact on the shipping and coastal communities. To achieve this goal, the DMPP aimed to understand potential piracy situations before they manifest, and sought to identify appropriate social, economic, security and political indicators and actions needed to prevent outbreaks of piracy. To that end, it also sought to provide a comprehensive suite of integrated policy alternatives to be considered by key policy actors in the suppression and prevention of piracy In pursuit of the above goal, the project, entitled ‘Policy Development and Interdisciplinary Research for Actions on Coastal Communities, Youth and Seafarers’, embarked on: A comprehensive examination of contemporary piracy to determine the true socio-economic costs and effects that piracy has on seafarers, coastal states and those communities; An integrated assessment of cross-cutting policy alternatives for dealing with the problem in a comprehensive manner; A review of the consequences associated with implementing the identified policy options; An identification of the strategic directions that need to be adopted to implement corrective measures; and, The development of a preliminary generalized model for predicting the emergence of piracy. The DMPP team recognized the significant contributions being made by scholars and practitioners who have focused on addressing the problem of piracy from either a thematic focus (e.g. operational, economic or social) and/or a geographic focus (e.g. the Horn of Africa). In contrast to this approach, the DMPP focused on drawing on these existing analyses to identify cross-cutting linkages and gaps in the knowledge base that require policy makers’ attention at the international, regional, national and local levels, in an effort to address potential actions to contribute to the discouragement and suppression of piracy The objective was not to conduct original research, but to deliver policy innovative outputs from the analysis in the form of an interdisciplinary suite of policy options that reflected a paradigmatic shift in the way piracy is understood, suppressed and prevented. The intention is to make the recommended policy options available for public comment, and to present them to governments, the private sector, agencies of the United Nations and civil society, including Non- Government Organizations (NGOs). A key objective of the DMPP is to pursue opportunities for getting the project findings onto the agenda of high-level meetings of policy makers and practitioners to develop specific policy responses aimed at addressing the problem of global marine piracy in an integrated manner. This interdisciplinary report seeks to draw on the analysis of the socio-economic, governance aspects and operational response factors inherent in contemporary marine piracy in order to capture the key findings of each thematic area of study and, thereafter, to expand on those findings that have synergies across the reports. The report reflects the ‘integrated or interdisciplinary thinking’ of the DMPP Team - the application of the collective mind - in collating all the relevant data about the socio-economic and human costs of piracy, the counter-piracy policies and practices, and varied legal regimes, organizational strategies and governance processes. The report goes on to provide a clear reference point for other follow-up research projects and presentations. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #4: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%234-2012-12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%234-2012-12.pdf Shelf Number: 128763 Keywords: Maritime CrimesMaritime SecurityPiracy/Pirates |
Author: Reuchlin, J.W. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project The Economic Impacts of Piracy on the Commercial Shipping Industry: A Regional Perspective Summary: This report assesses the economic impacts of maritime piracy on the commercial shipping industry. For the purpose of this report this industry consists of maritime transport and fisheries. The maritime transport industry includes the transport of cargo and passengers. Both form an important part of the global economy. For example 75% of the total world trade measured in tonnes and 59% in terms of value is transported by sea (Mandryk, 2009). With regard to the maritime transport of passengers, the cruise industry accommodated an estimated 15 million passengers in 2010 (FCCA, 2011) and 1.7 billion people made use of ferries in 2007 (IMO, 2011). The total amount of persons that make use of maritime transport is even higher when considering the use of yachts around the world. The fishing industry is equally important as it provides over 34 million people employment as fishers and the estimated first-sale value of the captured fish was US$ 93.9 billion in 2008 (FAO, 2010). In recent years piracy has increasingly become a threat for the commercial shipping industry. There are four geographic regions in which almost all acts piracy and armed robbery occur. These four large regions are: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), Southeast Asia (SeA), the Gulf of Guinea (GoG), and the Northern and Western Indian Ocean (NWIO). Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #6: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%236-2012-12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%236-2012-12.pdf Shelf Number: 128766 Keywords: Economics of CrimeFishing IndustryMaritime CrimesPiracy/Pirates |
Author: Fanning, L. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project: Legal, Institutional and Governance Arrangements for Apprehending and Prosecuting Marine Pirates Summary: Under the broader mandate of the DMPP, the Law and Governance Module is investigating three (3) major themes that focus on the origins and manifestations of piracy; the apprehension of piracy; and the prosecution of piracy. This Report is a key output from the first phase of the project which primarily utilized desk top research conducted between June 2011 and February 2012. Its main purpose is to serve as a discussion piece for the DMPP external Law and Governance Module working group members. It is anticipated that working group members will critically review the context and analysis of the report for accuracy and omissions, identify priority areas for attention, identify areas for further research and recommend draft policy options anticipated to address issues surrounding the law and governance aspects of contemporary marine piracy. For ease of reference and additional insight, the Report offers some key discussion points within its sections and conclusion. Whilst by no means exhaustive, the research analysis reflected herein is geared towards answering four major research questions pertaining to: 1) The current legal and institutional arrangements for addressing piracy; 2) The current legal regime dealing with the apprehension, prosecution and incarceration of pirates; 3) The legal status of pirates, child pirates, suspect pirates, organizers and their backers; and, 4) The governance conditions that allow piracy to gain a foothold. The discussions provide an interpretive outline of the three major formulations or definitions of piracy found within international law, a summary of the national approaches taken by States to incorporate those definitions in their national laws dealing with the suppression of crime at sea; and examine how the DMPP-formulated definition complies with current legal practices. While a plethora of arrangements exist that both directly and indirectly have a role in addressing piracy, the Report also highlights the key arrangements for coordinating and organizing the fight against piracy at the international, regional and other institutional/organizational levels. Given the role of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as the leading multilateral agency tasked with addressing the issue of piracy, the DMPP Law and Governance team undertook a preliminary analysis to assess the effectiveness of that role in light of the serious issues and challenges presented by the current scale of piracy off the East Coast of Africa, and elsewhere in the world. Drawing upon several insightful interpretations of the rights, duties and obligations of states in the investigation, apprehension and prosecution of suspect pirates, the resulting analysis concluded that the legal regime and mechanisms employed to date have not been without its challenges and difficulties. In addition to national courts, several other avenues have been recommended and analyzed, whether they are applicable for prosecuting those found committing or attempting to commit acts of piracy, including those involved in piracy operations, more particularly piracy backers, organizers and financiers. Emphasis has also been placed on those who use Hawala and other value transfer systems to facilitate the movement of funds to aid piracy operations, those who seek to employ children as pirates and those who may be proven guilty of participating in transnational organized crime, or in extreme cases, crimes against humanity. Special consideration was also given to the status and rights of the child, prosecution of young offenders and the problems with returning a child to the worst forms of labor. In deliberating on the dominant conditions that have seemingly allowed piracy to gain a foothold particularly within the East African region (Horn of Africa), some structural indicators evident within functional/strong states were examined as the basis for analyzing the influence of failed states and to some extent, weak states, on maritime piracy operations. Additionally, analysis of the current literature undertaken for this project suggests that the effectiveness of existing governance regimes at the national, regional and international levels are inextricably linked to the root causes of piracy. Similarly, the linkages between and among relevant institutional arrangements in terms of their functionalities and the process for ensuring data and information, analysis and advice are provided to guide decision-making at national, regional and international levels need to be determined and where necessary, strengthened. From a governance effectiveness perspective, it is evident that there is a broad array of policy actors who are engaged in addressing the problem of marine piracy. As such, the DMPP research has highlighted that considerable emphasis should be placed by scholars, practitioners and decision-makers on the need to understand and address marine piracy at multiple jurisdictional levels. Before concluding, the Report discusses the initial efforts of the DMPP to develop a generalized predictive model that would provide the global maritime community with a preliminary decision-support tool aimed at anticipating potential piracy ‘hot spots’. The development of this predictive model draws upon the research conducted by all three of the DMPP modules and identifies the socioeconomic, governance, legal and other relevant precursors to the outbreak of contemporary piracy. The policy implications of such a tool are widespread as it can provide the incentives needed for targeted pre-emptive responses to be structured and focused before the problem becomes manifest. Most significantly, it has the potential to modify and enhance governance regimes in areas flagged as potentially susceptible to piracy and more than likely (to experience piracy activity in the near future), with the potential for other global, regional and national security-related risks. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 139p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #2: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/MAP_Technical_Report_%232.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/MAP_Technical_Report_%232.pdf Shelf Number: 128769 Keywords: Maritime CrimesMaritime SecurityPiracy/PiratesProsecution |
Author: Whitman, S. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project: The Root Causes and True Costs of Marine Piracy Summary: Although the Socio Economic Module Draft Report conceptualizes piracy as an economic crime, it also considers political, social, and historical facts associated with piratical activity. The overall aim is to provide a report that may lead to more proactive approaches to combatting piracy in the future by considering the root causes and how to prevent future outbreaks. The Socio Economic Module was tasked with investigating two major themes under the broader DMPP project, including: 1) The cost of piracy: the effect piracy is having on the commercial shipping, including responses by the shipping and insurance industry, and uses of risk management, including the safety of seafarers. 2) The prevention of piracy: considering the social, political and economic factors which contribute to the emergence of piracy, including and exploration of parallels between child soldiers and loss of livelihoods following natural disasters. In order to address the broader themes listed above, the Socio Economic Module took a comparative case study approach to its research, focusing on geographic regions that are currently affected by piratical activity. This includes: Southeast Asia, Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Aden, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Such an approach allowed us to identify both specific and common socio-economic factors related to piracy by tracing its origins and evolution. The global analysis of the root causes of piracy can be summarized as follows: 1) Economic Root Causes: a. The relatively high chances of substantial income; b. The relatively low costs of and attack; c. The relatively low opportunity costs and economic risks. 2) Social Root Causes: a. Maritime Capacity and tradition in a region; b. The ability to gain social status through piracy; c. The existence of grievance; d. The existence of community support for piracy. 3) Political Root Causes: a. The existence of corruption within the state; b. The presence of armed groups; c. Limited state capacity; d. Regional disputes. Given these root causes, it is a challenge to address how to prevent the occurrence of maritime piracy. The Socio Economic Module seeks to provide new theoretical paradigms through which to address piracy: 1) Conflict Prevention Theory requires a multi-pronged approach that requires sincere commitment to short, medium and long-term objectives. The principles of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine should be born in mind and applied to the piracy problematique. 2) Addressing the Demand side of the problem in terms of the lessons learned from the drug and human trafficking paradigms provides potential remedies. The inelasticity in the demand for piracy has undermined the operational and security-centric interventions to date. 3) Corporate Social Responsibility and Globalization need to be considered as piracy is a profit making business that has benefitted from globalized markets and technology. Can the remedies to piracy be found in the principles of corporate social responsibility – through the creation of programmes, taxes, and infrastructure development that impacts poverty levels, unemployment, and violence and corruption levels in the regions where piracy exists? Key areas for further research that have been identified include: 1) the Environmental impacts on piracy; 2) Latin America and emerging trends; 3) Links to the small arms trade; 4) Links to human trafficking; 5) Links to the drug trade; 6) Human costs of piracy; 7) The relationship between subsistence pirates and organized pirates; 8) Gender dimensions of piracy. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 135p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #1: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/MAP_Technical_Report_%231.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/MAP_Technical_Report_%231.pdf Shelf Number: 128770 Keywords: Economics of CrimeMaritime CrimesPiracy/PiratesShipping Industry |
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Title: Model Scheme on Port State Measures to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Summary: This document contains the text of the Model Scheme on Port State Measures to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. An FAO Expert Consultation to Review Port State Measures to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing was convened in 2002 with a view to facilitating the implementation of the 2001 FAO International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The Consultation focused its work on a paper entitled “Port State Control of Foreign Fishing Vessels”. Inter alia, it discussed elements that could be included in a regional memorandum of understanding (MOU) on port State measures to combat IUU fishing. The Consultation acknowledged that such a MOU could serve as an effective tool to enhance responsible fisheries management. Subsequently, in 2004, a FAO Technical Consultation to Review Port State Measures to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing was held. It was convened on the recommendation of the 2003 FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI). The Consultation addressed (i) substantive issues relating to the role of the port State in combating IUU fishing and (ii) principles and guidelines for the establishment of regional memoranda on port States measures. The Consultation approved a Model Scheme on Port State Measures to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. COFI in 2005, in endorsing the report and recommendations of the 2004 Technical Consultation, agreed that follow-up work to the Consultation should be undertaken, especially with respect to operationalizing the Model Scheme. The Governments of Japan, Norway, Sweden and the United States of America contributed financially through the FAO FishCode Programme to the preparatory activities leading to the development and publication of the Model Scheme. Details: Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2013 at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0985t/a0985t00.pdf Year: 2007 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 128774 Keywords: Fishing IndustryIllegal FishingMaritime CrimesWildlife Crimes |